Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia

A variety of gold(III) and gold(I) derivatives of 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole (pbiH) were synthesized and fully characterized and their antiproliferative properties evaluated in a representative ovarian cancer cell line. The complexes include the mononuclear species [(pbi)AuX(2)] (X = Cl, 1; OAc, 2), [(pbiH)AuCl] (3), [(pbiH)Au(PPh(3))][PF(6)] (4-PF(6)), and [(pbi)Au(L)] (L = PPh(3), 5; TPA, 6), and the binuclear gold(I)/gold(I) and gold(I)/gold(III) derivatives [(PPh(3))(2)Au(2)(μ(2)-pbi)][PF(6)] (10-PF(6)), [ClAu(μ(3)-pbi)AuCl(2)] (7),and [(PPh(3))Au(μ(3)-pbi)AuX(2)][PF(6)] (X = Cl, 8-PF(6); OAc, 9-PF(6)). The molecular structures of 6, 7, and 10-PF(6) were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The chemical behavior of these compounds in solution was analyzed both by cyclic voltammetry in DMF and absorption UV-vis spectroscopy in an aqueous buffer. Overall, the stability of these gold compounds was found to be acceptable for the cellular studies. For all complexes, relevant antiproliferative activities in vitro were documented against A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells, either resistant or sensitive to cisplatin, with IC(50) values falling in the low micromolar or even in the nanomolar range. The investigated gold compounds were found to overcome resistance to cisplatin to a large degree. Results are interpreted and discussed in the frame of current knowledge on cytotoxic and antitumor gold compounds.

Two Ru(2+) complexes containing terpyridine ligands appended with terthiophene units connected by a methyleneoxy or an alkynyl bridge show very different luminescent behaviours: the former is non-luminescent at 298 K owing to a photoinduced energy transfer process to the terthiophene moiety, while the latter exhibits an extraordinary long excited state lifetime because of an energy reservoir effect.

Rollover cyclometalation of 2-(2'-pyridyl)quinoline, L, allowed the synthesis of the family of complexes [Pt(L-H)(X)(L')] and [Pt(L*)(X)(L')][BF4] (X = Me, Cl; L' = neutral ligand), the former being the first examples of Pt(II) rollover complexes derived from the ligand L. The ligand L* is a C,N cyclometalated, N-protonated isomer of L, and can also be described as an abnormal-remote pyridylene. The corresponding [Pt(L-H)(Me)(L')]/[Pt(L*)(Me)(L')](+) complexes constitute an uncommon Brønsted-Lowry acid-base conjugated couple. The species obtained were investigated in depth through NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory (DFT) methods to correlate different chemico-physical properties with the nature of the cyclometalated ligand (e.g., L vs bipy or L* vs L) and of the neutral ligand (DMSO, CO, PPh3). The crystal structures of [Pt(L-H)(Me)(PPh3)], [Pt(L-H)(Me)(CO)] and [Pt(L*)(Me)(CO)][BF4] were determined by X-ray powder diffraction methods, the latter being the first structure of a Pt(II)-based, protonated, rollover complex to be unraveled. The isomerization of [Pt(L*)(Me)(PPh3)](+) in solution proceeds through a retro-rollover process to give the corresponding adduct [Pt(L)(Me)(PPh3)](+), where L acts as a classical N,N chelating ligand. Notably, the retro-rollover reaction is the first process, among the plethora of Pt-C bond protonolysis reactions reported in the literature, where a Pt-C(heteroaryl) bond is cleaved rather than a Pt-C(alkyl) one.

The electrochemical behaviour of a series of neutral and cationic N – C and N–N–C cyclometallated gold(III) species: ([Au(py 1)(Cl) 2 ], Hpy 1 =2-benzylpyridine; [Au(bipy n)(Cl)][PF 6 ], Hbipy 1 = 6-benzyl-2,2%-bipyridine, Hbipy 2 = 6-(1-methylbenzyl)-2,2%-bipyridine, Hbipy 3 =6-(1,1-dimethylbenzyl)-2,2%-bipyridine, Hbipy 4 = 6-phenyl-2,2%-bipyridine) has been investigated in different solvent systems using cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry. All the species considered show, in cyclic voltammetry, an irreversible one-electron reduction in the potential range − 0.9/−1.2 V versus Fc +/0 , using a Pt electrode. On the other hand, exhaustive coulometries have shown the consumption of a number of Faraday per mole within the range 1–2. The very complex decomposition of the electrogenerated species affords elemental gold and significant amounts of different gold by-products. In some situations (e.g. reduction of [Au(bipy 4)(Cl)][PF 6 ]), working with 0.1 mol dm − 3 Na[PF 6 ], CH 3 CN solvent system, it has been possible to characterise the most abundant gold(III) compound, by NMR, FAB-MS, and elemental analysis. The analytical and spectroscopic data provide evidence for the N – C bis-cyclometallated gold(III) derivative (e.g. [Au(bipy 4) 2 ][PF 6 ]); the result entails quite an unusual transcyclometallation process. The same compound can also be obtained, albeit in very minor yield, by chemical reduction of [Au(bipy 4)(Cl)][PF 6 ].